Suez Crisis (1956)

Suez Canal

• Suez Canal is a sea-level waterway running north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt to connect the Mediterranean and the Red seas. The canal separates the African continent from Asia, and it provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and the lands lying around the Indian and western Pacific oceans.
• It is one of the world’s most heavily used shipping lanes. The canal extends 193 km (120 miles) between Port Said in the north and Suez in the south, with dredged approach channels north of Port Said, into the Mediterranean, and south of Suez.

About the Suez Crisis (1956)

• Suez Crisis, (1956) was an international crisis in the Middle East, precipitated on July 26, 1956, when the Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal. The canal had been owned by the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by French and British interests.
• The Suez Crisis was provoked by an American and British decision not to finance Egypt’s construction of the Aswan High Dam, as they had promised, in response to Egypt’s growing ties with communist Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.
• Nasser reacted to the American and British decision by declaring martial law in the canal zone and seizing control of the Suez Canal Company, predicting that the tolls collected from ships passing through the canal would pay for the dam’s construction within five years.

Strategic reason behind the crisis

• Britain and France feared that Nasser might close the canal and cut off shipments of petroleum flowing from the Persian Gulf to western Europe. When diplomatic efforts to settle the crisis failed, Britain and France secretly prepared military action to regain control of the canal and, if possible, to depose Nasser.
• They found a ready ally in Israel, on October 29, 1956, 10 Israeli brigades invaded Egypt and advanced toward the canal, routing Egyptian forces.
• Britain and France, following their plan, demanded that Israeli and Egyptian troops withdraw from the canal, and they announced that they would intervene to enforce a cease-fire ordered by the United Nations.
• On November 5 and 6, British and French forces landed at Port Said and Port Fuad and began occupying the canal zone. This move was soon met by growing opposition at home and by U.S.-sponsored resolutions in the UN, which quickly put a stop to the Anglo-French action.
• On December 22 the UN evacuated British and French troops, and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957.

Outcomes of the crisis

• Nasser emerged from the Suez Crisis a victor and a hero for the cause of Arab and Egyptian nationalism.
• Israel did not win freedom to use the canal, but it did regain shipping rights in the Straits of Tīrān.
• Britain and France, less fortunate, lost most of their influence in the Middle East as a result of the episode. Its outcome highlighted Britain’s declining status and confirmed it as a ‘second tier’ world power.
• Domestically it caused a massive political fallout in Britain and resulted in an economic crisis, while internationally it further complicated the politics of the Middle East, threatening Britain’s key diplomatic relationships with Commonwealth nations and the United States-United Kingdom ‘special relationship’.
• The crisis had a serious impact on Britain’s international relationships. Eisenhower regarded Suez as an unnecessary distraction from the Soviet Union’s brutal suppression of an uprising in Hungary.
• Only Australia supported Britain, while Pakistan threatened to leave the Commonwealth.
• Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev attacked ‘British imperialism’, threatening to attack London with rockets, as well as sending troops to Egypt, potentially dragging NATO into the conflict.